closed loop

The second year of #DIYPS (and my first full year with a closed loop)

by Dana Lewis

As we developed #DIYPS from a louder alarm system to a proactive alert system (details here about the original #DIYPS system before we closed the loop) to a closed loop that would auto-adjust my insulin pump basal rates as-needed overnight, I have been tracking the outcomes.

There were the first few nights of “wow! this works! I wake up at night when I’m high/low”. Then there were the first 100 nights that involved more iteration, testing, and improvements as we built it out more. And then suddenly it had been a year of using #DIYPS, and it was awesome to see how my average BG and a1c were down – and stayed down – while equally as important, my % time in range was up and stayed up. Not to mention, the quality of life improvements of having better nights of sleep were significant.

Year two has been along the same lines – more improvements on A1c/average BGs, time in range, and sleep – but heavily augmented by the fact that I now have a closed loop. If you follow me on Twitter or have checked out the hashtag, you might be tired of seeing me post CGM graphs. At this point, they all look very similar:

Looping for over a year and OpenAPS still successfully preventing overnight hypoglycemia Overnight safely looping with OpenAPS

(It’s worth noting that I still use #DIYPS, especially during the day to trigger “eating-soon” mode or basically get a snapshot glance at what my BGs are predicted to be, especially if I plan to go out without my loop in tow.)

In this past year, we also went from closing the loop with the #DIYPS algorithms (which required internet connectivity so I could tell the system when I was having carbs), to deciding we wanted to find a way to make it possible for more people to safely DIY a closed loop. (And, we feel very strongly that the DIY part of closing the loop is very important and deciding to do so is a very personal question.)

Thus, #OpenAPS was born in February 2015. Ben West spent a lot of time in 2015 building out the openaps toolkit to enable communication with diabetes devices to make things like closed loops possible. And so the first few months of #OpenAPS seemed slow, while we were busy working on the toolkit and finding ways to take what we learned with the #DIYPS closed loop and model a closed loop that didn’t require knowledge of carbs and could work without internet connectivity (see more about the #OpenAPS reference design here).

In July, we saw a tipping point – multiple other people began to close the loop, despite the fact that we didn’t have very much documented or available to guide them beyond the reference design. (These first couple of folks are incredible! Watch the #OpenAPS hashtag on Twitter to see them share some of their experiences.) With their help, the documentation has grown by leaps and bounds, as has the number of people who were subsequently able to close the loop.

As of 12/31/15 as I write this post, there are 22 people who have told me that they have a closed loop running that’s based on the OpenAPS reference design. I make a big deal about marking the date when I make a statement about the number of people running #OpenAPS (i.e. (n=1)*22), because every time I turn around, someone else seems to have done it!

It’s so exciting to see what’s happened in 2015, and what this type of #WeAreNotWaiting spirit has enabled. For Scott & me this year: we’ve climbed mountains around the world (from Machu Picchu to Switzerland), gotten married, changed jobs, and explored Europe together. Diabetes was there, but it wasn’t the focus.

There are dozens of other amazing stories like this in the #WeAreNotWaiting community. As we look to the new year, and I start to wonder about what might be next, I realize the speed of technology and the spirit of ingenuity in this community makes it impossible to predict exactly what we’ll see in 2016.

What I do know is this: we’ll see more people closing the loop, and we’ll see more ways to close the loop, using devices other than the Raspberry Pi, Carelink stick and Medtronic pump.  We’ll see more new ways to communicate with old & new diabetes devices and more ways to make the diabetes parts of our lives easier – all because #WeAreNotWaiting.

The power of visualizing your data, your way

by Dana Lewis

Sometimes, it’s the little things that make a big difference – even little glimpses of data, or little improvements to ways that you can control the way you access and view your data (and generate alarms).

For example, I recently had a conversation with a few people in the #WeAreNotWaiting community about the different watch faces that exist for displaying CGM data; and about how much I like my #DIYPS watch face. A few reasons why:

  • It’s a little more discreet than some watch faces showing BG data, so the average person won’t glance at my watch and see a large number.
  • It pulls from the #DIYPS interface, so I can see what I’m predicted to be, and any current recommendations (such as carbs, temp basal, or bolus needed).
DIYPS watchface showing Dana M. Lewis's OpenAPS data

It’s data-heavy, but I like having all this information without having to pull my CGM out and run calculations in my head; or pull out my phone and pull up a web page to #DIYPS; etc.

One of the many cool things about the #WeAreNotWaiting community is how together we have learned and created so many new ways to visualize our data, on various devices (tablets, phones, smart watches) and various size screens. And so when I hear that someone’s not wanting a smart watch, or isn’t using it for diabetes related things, sometimes I think it’s a matter of them finding the right tools to build their own display that works for them. Several times a week I hear about various people working on new, interesting DIY diabetes projects, and it’s awesome that we have tech to improve the tools we have – and excellent social media channels to communicate about these projects.

Related to that, I wanted to share an update – recently Milos, Jason, and others have done some really amazing work to visualize basal rates in Nightscout. (If you use Nightscout, you can get this in the 0.8.2 release – see here for more details.) This means it also can pull in temporary basal rates that are used in #OpenAPS, so you can get a nice visual showing the adjusted basal rate compared to normal scheduled basal rates – and see why it might be needed – on top of display of BG data and everything else that Nightscout offers.

Showing a fake drop in CGM glucose data that is a compression drop

In this example, it also shows how OpenAPS deals with compression drops, or how it might react to other flukey data. Remember, we designed OpenAPS to only enact 30 minute temporary basal rates in a way that is the safest possible thing to do, even if it loses communication. But if it keeps communication, and the system sees a drop and a return to the normal pattern from before (see visual), it can counteract a low temp with higher temp, or vice versa.

The visualization of temp basals in Nightscout (another example here) is an excellent improvement over how I previously used to check and see what OpenAPS had been doing. I have a watchface (similar to the above #DIYPS one) that shows me what the loop is doing currently, but when I wake up in the morning, I was mostly using a basic screen like the below to see the positive, negative, and net temp basal rates on an hourly basis and comparing that to my CGM graph to get an understanding of what happened.

Less insulin needed and OpenAPS reduced accordingly

Visualizing basal rates in Nightscout is a seemingly minor change, but every time we make a change like this that allows me to contextualize all of my data in one place (on a single glanceable watchface; or on the Nightscout screen); it saves a few seconds or minutes that add up to a lot of time saved every day, week, month, and additional year that I’m dealing with diabetes – a big win.

Building diabetes technology is like building a mountain bike

by Dana Lewis

I’ve had the opportunity to meet some fantastic people through our work with #DIYPS and #OpenAPS, one of whom is Eric Von Hippel, an MIT professor and researcher who work on user innovation. He shared a great example of user innovation that I was previously unfamiliar with, but is an awesome parallel for what we in the diabetes community are doing.

History: bike manufacturers used to make bikes for riding on flat surfaces. Some people wanted to ride their bikes down mountains, but existing bikes weren’t too comfortable (they didn’t have spring-based seats – ouch!). So, bikers started customizing and modifying the bikes they had. Eventually, bike manufacturers saw the demand and started building mountain bikes with the same features that the original mountain bikers had used. (And if you don’t like my paraphrased version of this story, Wikipedia is always your friend!)

The parallels:

We in the diabetes community have seen a series of needs that are not being met with our existing, FDA approved medical devices that are out on the market. From not-loud-enough alarms to not enabling us to track critical information like temporary basal rate history on the pump itself, these are the needs that drove me (and Scott) to first build #DIYPS and then to close the loop. At the same time, the need for remote data access is what drove John Costik and then the other Nightscout founders and developers to build an amazing, community-based open source tool to enable real-time remote data sharing.

Are there commercial products coming to market or are in the market that meet some of these needs now? Sure. But remember, I’ve had diabetes since 2002. In 2013, when Scott and I first started working to solve my need for louder alarms, there was NO commercial solution available for either remote data access or alarm customization. Thus the need for #DIYPS, which we built in 2013, and Nightscout, which blossomed in early 2014. And even though tools like Dexcom SHARE and MiniMed Connect have come to market (and in some cases, more quickly with help from the community communicating to the FDA about the critical importance of these tools), they came in 2015, which is a long time to wait for new tools when you’re dealing with diabetes 24/7/365. And when we managed to close the loop, again with help from the amazing #wearenotwaiting community, in December of 2014? Well, it’s now nearing the end of a year (and with amazing continued results from #OpenAPS not just for me, but for 13 additional people and potentially more to come soon), and we are AT LEAST a year and a half, if not more, away from any commercial device to reach the market. Not to mention: I’m not sure that the first generation of closed loops commercially available will be good enough for me.

The commercial entities are getting there. And, I always want to give them credit – I have a closed loop, but I can’t have one without a solidly working insulin pump and an excellent CGM system. They are, for the most part (with the exception of some missing features), making good, solid safe products for me to use.

The manufacturers are also starting to be open to more conversations. Not just “listening”, which they’ve sort-of/maybe done in drips over the past, but actual two-way conversations where we can share the needs that we know of in the community, and discuss what can be incorporated into their commercial product pipeline more quickly. This is progress starting to be made, and I’m excited to see more of it. It seems like there is a refreshed mindset and energy in the industry, as well as an understanding that we all care deeply about safety and that we’re all in this together to make life with diabetes less of a burden – like riding downhill on a mountain bike rather than a road bike.

“Should I build an artificial pancreas?” (It’s a personal question)

by Dana Lewis

Given that many (7 almost 8!) of us have closed the loop with OpenAPS, and sometimes show pictures of great overnights like the below, and given the fact that diabetes is a complicated, annoying, unfair disease, there is a lot of interest in closing the loop. Scott and I definitely get that, which is why we started the #OpenAPS movement.

I have been asked more and more lately, “Are you going to make this available to less tech-savvy people?” and “Should I build one?”.

Less insulin needed and OpenAPS reduced accordingly

The answer to the first question is emotionally hard, because a DIY build of a medical device that auto-adjusts insulin will always involve some technical knowledge – or at the very least, a growth mindset and willing to learn many new things to build a technical knowledge in order to proceed through the murky process of building a not-100%-documented artificial pancreas. You don’t have to be a programmer or an engineer; but you do have to have time and energy to spend learning as well as doing. I say this every day: the DIY part is important.

(And, I know people always want to hear “yes! It’ll be out on X date, and just as easy as installing Nightscout.” But it’s not as easy as installing something like Nightscout and never will be.)

That leads into the second question as an explanation of why it’s not as easy as we would wish:

Even if you have a very technical background, you’ll still spend time learning new languages, new pieces of software, and building pieces of your own. Things will break, things will need to be improved, and you need to have the knowledge of what’s going on and understand the logic of what you’re trying to achieve at each stage in order to be able to troubleshoot both the code part of things and the diabetes part of things.

It is hard. And it is a lot of work.

What you don’t see when someone says they’ve (DIY) closed the loop:

For every “I had such a great night” picture someone posts, that probably represents at least (10?+) hours of working on building or troubleshooting their system. Scott and I have each spent hundreds of hours working with my system, from trouble shooting, to building in new features, to reaffirming that things are all working as planned, etc. That figure should be a bit lower for new people as a result of our efforts, but it will never be as easy as just plugging something in, giving it your weight, and letting it take over. The system only does what you program it to do.

I often say this is “not a set-and-forget” system. And this is also true in the wearability of it. Right now, I use a Raspberry Pi and Carelink USB stick to communicate with my pump. They’re great, but the separate power source I also have to keep charged, plus keeping the USB in range of my pump, plus making sure it’s all working, can be a headache sometimes. (Which is why I’m so glad we made an offline mode, to reduce one of the biggest headaches of using the system.) When I’m on the go during the day, sometimes I don’t take it with me, or I choose to stop and un-power it and resume it when I get home. At this point, I wouldn’t be surprised if most people use it for nighttime use only (at least for the most part). But even with nighttime use only, there’s still constant changing of the code (in some cases daily), tweaking, altering, fixing, breaking, and un-breaking various parts.

Did I mention it was a lot of work?

And does a closed loop prevent all lows and highs? No.

It’s important to realize this is not a cure. I work really hard to do eating soon mode before meals to prevent spikes from the amount of carbs I choose to eat. I still have to test my blood sugar and calibrate my CGMs multiple times a day. I still have to change out my pump site every 2-3 days, and deal with the normal hassles of wonky pump sites, etc. I still have some highs – although the loop helps me handle them and I spend less time above range. And I still have some lows – although usually they’re from human error related to bolusing, the loop helps prevent them from always being a true low and/or blunting the drop so I don’t require as much correction. But diabetes is still a good amount of work, even with a closed loop.

Is it worth it to self-build an artificial pancreas?

This is a personal question. It’s a lot of work, with risk involved.

For me, I have decided and continue to decide that it’s worth it.

But only you can decide if the work and the risk are worth the potential rewards for you.

Does the FDA care more about safety than people with diabetes do?

by Dana Lewis

Today my inbox was suddenly flooded with links to a video with some commentary about artificial pancreas technology at a conference by a representative of the U.S. FDA. The implication many people are getting after watching the video clip is that this FDA representative is implying that people are being unsafe by building their own artificial pancreas. He mentions it is consumer prerogative to build an artificial pancreas – which is correct. The implication of his analogy is that changing your car and killing yourself is similar to a DIY artificial pancreas effort.

The scary takeaway from the video, in my opinion, as well as other public comments in the past, is the implication that the FDA cares more about the potential harms of taking action than the almost certain harms of inaction. And it’s increasingly frustrating that the FDA appears to imply publicly that those of us in the #wearenotwaiting community are doing things unsafely as a result of taking action.

Safety is what drives the #wearenotwaiting movement. In my case, I refuse to sleep another night with the fear that I won’t wake up in the morning because there’s not an FDA-approved system on the market that will wake me up if my life is in danger, let alone a system that can take action and change the situation to be more safe. So I built my own (#DIYPS), because the current FDA-approved CGM devices were not (and still are not) loud enough to wake me up at night, putting me at risk of dying in my sleep. And yes, it ultimately turned into an artificial pancreas – with the same goal of ensuring I wake up every morning, safely (alive). That is my prerogative for sure.

But I fail to see why the FDA, which collectively has no particular knowledge of these systems (especially as they have no jurisdiction, acknowledged on all fronts, over what I do myself – it’s my prerogative), is making public statements implying that these types of systems are categorically unsafe.

As a matter of fact, every DIY system I’ve seen is safer than the FDA-approved standard of care available for people with diabetes. The thousands of people using Nightscout, which is currently a DIY remote view-only monitoring system? Provides more safety and security for people with diabetes, not to mention it is helping achieve better outcomes for people with diabetes than they were able to achieve before with the standard of diabetes care as it exists today. (This was originally for the most part because of restricted access to data, although while that has improved there’s still interoperability issues getting access to real-time data in the same place from the 3+ average devices a person with diabetes uses…unless they have Nightscout or another DIY tool running.) The dozens of people working on their DIY version of an artificial pancreas system (many of whom are collaborating and sharing data in the #OpenAPS community)? These systems are safer than the standard of care, which is to let an insulin pump continue to overdose you if you are dangerously low while you sleep.

(You can see some of my personal data from #DIYPS, before we closed the loop, here and more about outcomes after we closed the loop and had #OpenAPS here. My closed loop artificial pancreas system continues to work excellently nine plus months in, and you can continue to watch my outcomes as I post them to Twitter regularly using the #DIYPS and #OpenAPS hashtags. I’ve also shared the other powerful lessons that DIY tech has helped me learn about diabetes care that helps all people with diabetes, regardless of technology.)

Are there risks to DIY efforts? Yes. But there’s risks to living with diabetes regardless. And as a person with diabetes, I am well aware of the risks that I choose to take. Diabetes is a disease in which you carry around large amounts of a lethal drug in your pocket that you are supposed to inject daily in order to save your life. As a person with diabetes, we are nothing but aware of the multitude of risks of living with this chronic disease 24/7/365.

In fact, even without a DIY artificial pancreas system, I am at risk every day simply from using my FDA-approved insulin pump that does not accurately track how much insulin I am given. (Read more here about how most insulin pumps on the market calculate IOB only from boluses, and often do not provide a record let alone incorporate any temporary adjustments to your basal rates and do not in any case track the impact of suspending your pump completely.)

And as someone who has founded the #OpenAPS movement, with the goal of an open and transparent effort to make safe and effective basic Artificial Pancreas System (APS) technology widely available to more quickly improve and save as many lives as possible and reduce the burden of type 1 diabetes…..we approach it with safety first in mind, and is a big part of why the DIY part is critical and is a part of our number one priority of safety.

Not everyone will choose to go the DIY route. In fact, most people do not and I am told all the time “Oh, I would never do that.” And that’s fine! Everyone can choose what they want for themselves.

But technology has made it increasingly feasible for those of us who want to improve our own safety to do so, because the industry and the FDA are not moving quickly enough to meet our needs.

That, indeed, is our prerogative – to increase our own safety.

#DIYPS and the wedding

by Dana Lewis

“Diabetes wasn’t in the picture during the wedding, and that was exactly how it should be.”

Dana Lewis and Scott Leibrand said "I do!"

 

If you’re not familiar with Scott & me (Dana), and how we ended up building #DIYPS and later #OpenAPS, you might be interested to read this great article in Business Insider. (And I’ve been told it’s guaranteed to make you go “awww” even if you already sort-of know us!)

I love that it also highlights how #DIYPS played into our wedding, which was exactly how I wanted it: I hardly thought about diabetes at all. I didn’t have to cut into the lining of my wedding dress to carry d-supplies. In fact, up until the last minute, I wasn’t sure if I was going to carry the closed loop during the wedding itself, because I had decided not to put pockets in my dress and I wasn’t sure Scott’s suit had big enough pockets to hold everything.

But just like all things in this #DIYPS and #OpenAPS journey, a couple of serendipitous events gave us our solution.

First, we were in Alabama for the week before the wedding, and I was working a few days remotely there. But I like to move while I work, and so I’d move around the house (and go outside) with my laptop while I was on calls. This led to Scott getting no data alerts and no-loop-running alerts, and randomly chasing me down to re-plunk the loop down into range. Finally, he asked if I would consider a fanny pack. I laughed, and told him no way, and that HE should wear a fanny pack. Then I remembered hearing about flip belts and thinking about getting one at one point to try for running. So, we made a quick Amazon purchase (where all great artificial pancreas parts come from ;)).

Scott probably thought he’d get me to wear the flip belt around the house (it is purple, after all), and maybe at the wedding, but when it arrived two days before the wedding and I was busy working, he actually put it on, placed all the loop parts inside, and then decided to try putting his tux coat on over it.

It didn’t show.

And this is how *Scott* ended up wearing the belt and the AP parts during the wedding (he’s wearing it above and you can’t see it!). I obviously was stilling wearing my pump and my CGM sensor under my dress where it wasn’t showing. We also gave my second CGM receiver to Tim ( Scott’s brother and best-man-extraordinaire), who also wore Scott’s watch for much of the day and helped give me updates on my BGs when Scott & the loop were out of range prior to our “first look”.

As a result of having #DIYPS/#OpenAPS, my BGs had been picture perfect the night before the wedding, and were within range all afternoon leading up to the wedding. (They were fine during and after the wedding, too, so much so that it never occurred to me to take more pictures of my graph, which shows how perfect it was to have diabetes not on my mind!)

This may have been (one of) the first wedding(s) with an artificial pancreas in it, but we bet it won’t be the last – one of our friends in the Seattle area who is now up and running on #OpenAPS is also getting married next month, and he may wear his loop during his wedding, too!

We like this trend.

What we’ve been up to – mostly offline #OpenAPS

by Dana Lewis

It’s probably time for an update around here – especially since we’re nearing the “deadline” we set for closing the loop – August 1, 2015!

August 1 is our wedding date, which is part of the reason it’s been quiet around here as we are off busy preparing for that.

The other reason it’s been quiet (unless you follow me on Twitter and see some of the #DIYPS examples there) is because we closed the loop back in December (read more about it here), and we haven’t made any significant updates to the #DIYPS system.

It’s all working well.

Showing a relatively flat CGM graph despite a 75 gram carbohydrate meal, thanks to OpenAPS.

What we’ve been focusing on most of the year is supporting the #OpenAPS community. In particular, we’re trying to help more people learn what they need to understand so that they can build their own loops. There’s a handful who have made or are making excellent progress, and hopefully we’ll have some OpenAPS data to share soon.

Most recently, spotty hotel internet in Portugal helped prompt us to finish the offline version of #OpenAPS, which I’ve been testing. (And will use the honeymoon, wherever that ends up being, as an opportunity for more testing!) #DIYPS has always required internet connectivity to get the recommendations from the cloud (which is where it stores the data I give it about boluses and carbs). The reliance on connectivity is always something to troubleshoot if the system appears to not be working, and also makes it burdensome to carry around all the time and make sure it has connectivity.

Getting offline looping of CGM data to OpenAPS.

Offline OpenAPS will likely solve a big part of the frustrations I experience with daytime use of the system. I already saw a big improvement in being able to use offline OpenAPS in Portugal – both at the conference and in the hotel, as well as walking the streets of London during a layover. It’s nice to drop the system (the same Raspberry Pi, battery, and carelink stick from DIYPS) in my bag and not have to constantly check to make sure the wifi hotspot is connected. The only difference in the setup is that one of my CGMs is plugged directly into the Raspberry Pi.

Showing my OpenAPS rig against the plane window to illustrate offline steam of BGs to OpenAPS is working

We still need to do more testing on our offline implementation of OpenAPS, but it’s going well and I’m excited that what we’ve learned from this progress will help us with better tools to enable the broader OpenAPS community since #WeAreNotWaiting!

Why the DIY part of OpenAPS is important

by Dana Lewis

I had the chance to talk about DIYPS and OpenAPS during a demo session in DC last week. (Thank you to Gary from Quantified Self and Marty from the National Academy of Sciences for making this possible!)

I walked away with several insights:

  1. Many people don’t know about diabetes; fewer have a realization of current diabetes tech. In several cases as I was describing the closed loop artificial pancreas, people stopped me and were wowed – but not by the closed loop. They were impressed by the CGM.
  2. Others think that this type of technology is already out on the market.

So, I believe we have a long way to go in communicating and advocating for this type of technology. We know it’s behind where it should be – and we want it to catch up. That’s a big part of the OpenAPS goals to help the FDA, device companies, and everyone involved move a little faster than they might otherwise, because #WeAreNotWaiting.

But here’s the other question I was often asked: “How many people have you given this to?”

I frequently embarked on an explanation of how we can’t “give” away #DIYPS or the OpenAPS implementation – in fact, we can’t and won’t give away the code, either. Some of that is because the FDA says no – and some of it is common sense and principles that both Scott and I hold.

Here’s why I think it is so important to keep the DIY in DIYPS and each OpenAPS implementation that is in progress:

  • You need to have a deep understanding of the system before even considering using it on yourself. You need to know what it’s trying to do in all situations, including the fringe cases (the “this is unlikely to happen but if it does…”), so that you know when it’s working – and when it’s not – whether it’s 3pm in the afternoon at work, or 3am and you wake up and find something is not right and the system is not working.
  • You need to go step by step and test and ensure at each stage that it is working as expected – both in a “this is what it should be doing” and “it is giving out the correct amount of insulin”. Remember, insulin is a lethal drug. It’s also a lifesaving drug. It’s important to remember both of these things and balance the risks accordingly.

From the conversations I’ve had with people interested in learning more or getting a DIYPS-type system for themselves, they fall into two categories:

  1. “How can I buy it from you?”
  2. “What do I need to do to make one?”

Given my above reasoning, the second question is my favorite. The first one scares me, if someone does not then switch to the #2 question. Many people do go from #1 to #2, which is great.

DIYPS, for me, and OpenAPS implementations, for others, are works in progress. They’re not perfect. They’re better than what’s out there (like sleeping through alarms when you’re low at night), but they also have big risks. And it’s important to know, and respect these risks, and understand the limitations of the system, before being able to take advantage of this type of system – and to build the system with appropriate safeguards. (This is one of the reason we have OpenAPS, for example, designed to accept multiple failure points – like walking out of range, loss of connectivity, etc.)

The ability to buy a “black box” type system where you don’t know exactly how it works, but you trust that it works? That will be coming from the major device manufacturers in several years – hopefully sooner rather than later, and that’s something that OpenAPS will hopefully help make happen more quickly.

So to answer the #2 question, what do you need to make a DIYPS or OpenAPS of your own?

I’ll answer the technical aspects of this question in another post, but the first thing I always say is: “The willingness to build and test and test and test some more before ever considering using it on yourself.”

#DIYPS & #OpenAPS

by Dana Lewis

Since I‘ve been using #DIYPS for over a year and also had the closed loop version running for more than two months with excellent results, I get several questions every week about how/when we’re going to make it available to other people. #DIYPS is an individual implementation that we built, and because of FDA regulations it’s not something we can give to another person to use. (Not to mention it’s not been tested for more than n=1, etc.) But, both Scott and I are passionate about moving diabetes technology forward for all, and so this week we kicked off the OpenAPS project.

#OpenAPS is our initiative to build on the #DIYPS closed loop work and eventually make this type of technology available (and faster than the market and traditional research is otherwise moving) for more people with diabetes. We aim to encourage other independent researchers to build their own closed loop implementations based on the OpenAPS reference design, and share their results and help us improve the design further. We are also working toward clinical trials that will enable more people to test and use the system during the research phase, but without having to code and build their own implementation of a closed loop artificial pancreas system. And all of this will be done in an open, transparent way so people can ask questions, monitor progress, and get involved at various stages.

The Open Artificial Pancreas System (#OpenAPS) is an open and transparent effort to make safe and effective basic Artificial Pancreas System (APS) technology widely available to more quickly improve and save as many lives as possible and reduce the burden of Type 1 diabetes.

We believe that we can make safe and effective APS technology available more quickly, to more people, rather than just waiting for current APS efforts to complete clinical trials and be FDA-approved and commercialized through traditional processes. And in the process, we believe we can engage the untapped potential of dozens or possibly hundreds of patient innovators and independent researchers and also make APS technology available to hundreds or thousands of people willing to participate as subjects in clinical trials.

At the end of the process, we hope to have produced an FDA-approved #OpenAPS reference design and reference implementation that can be used by any medical device manufacturer with minimal regulatory burden. We believe this will in turn allow manufacturers (and the academic research teams they work with) to turn more of their attention to designing and testing more advanced APS systems, and thereby accelerate the pace of innovation toward new and improved Type 1 diabetes treatments, and eventually a cure.

In the mean time, it will make basic overnight closed loop APS technology widely available to anyone with compatible medical devices, thereby reducing the burden of Type 1 diabetes on everyone who lives with the disease.

I’ll continue to post here often with data and updates from my experience & work with #DIYPS, which I’m continuing to use. But I also encourage you to bookmark OpenAPS.org if you’re interested in watching that work move forward, too – and as always, we’ll be on Twitter with #DIYPS and #OpenAPS as @DanaMLewis and @ScottLeibrand (and you can email us for #DIYPS or #OpenAPS info at Dana@OpenAPS.org and Scott@OpenAPS.org).

#DIYPS Closed Loop – One month of data & it still works great

by Dana Lewis

My name is Dana Lewis and I have a closed loop artificial pancreas (that I built) that I use every night. Also see: woot!

Tweet that says "I love you #DIYPS closed loop"

We closed the loop in December (click here for more details about the first week of data & basics on how the closed loop works; or here to learn more about the basic non-closed loop #DIYPS and how far we’ve come in a single year), and I’ve been using it almost nonstop since.

When to loop – or not

I’ve only been limited in using the closed loop for overnight when I inadvertently fried the SD card in the Raspberry Pi (a known issue that’s related to the number of times you plug/unplug it from power source). We promptly ordered a second Pi as a backup, and by the time it arrived, Scott managed to revive the first one, so I now have two ready to run at any time. (Because of course you need emergency backups of your essential organs!)

When I first started looping in December, I originally intended to only use it at night, but it was hard to not loop during the day, too. The idea that I could sit at my desk and work for 3-4 hours straight, and not worry about my BGs, is so appealing!

However, it’s not really practical for me to want to use 24/7 every day…yet. This is where the versions of APS that will come to market in 3+ years will be great, because it will be all-in-one (or at least limited in excess pieces you have to carry). To wear it 24/7, I have to have enough batteries to power the raspberry pi and keep it in range, which means constantly picking it up and moving it around, carrying it in my bag from meeting to meeting, etc. I’ve decided it’s not worth it for every day, but it is awesome to have the choice when sitting through an important interview to have it running and have more security and peace of mind.

Back to using the closed loop for overnights

When we first showed our closed loop efforts off, we had about a week’s worth of data that already showed improved overnight blood glucose (eAG) and time in range, plus reduced number of #DIYPS alarms.

After a month, the results of using a DIY closed loop artificial pancreas system overnight continue to look promising:


We also recently added another screen to #DIYPS so I could access and review “what happened last night”, or what was the output of the closed loop. I usually look at the net impact per hour (how much above or below my normal basal rates I ended up getting), but also at the individual numbers of how much above and how much below I ended up getting every hour. Here’s a visualization:

Tweet illustrating how DIYPS closed loop works overnight with micro corrections to keep blood glucose in range

Using closed loop activity to spot trends and change basal rates

We also built a 7 day and 30 day view of this closed loop activity history so I can look at trends by hour overnight (versus manually compiling and visualizing them, like I did in our first closed loop data post here).

When we first looked at the data for overnight closed loop net insulin activity, I could spot a trend easily – the loop temped low from midnight to 2am, leveled out, then increased with higher temps after 5am. I can easily see why it often ends up temping low after I go to sleep, because I often do a half unit or so if I’m riding “high” (130 – ha!), and feel safe doing so with the loop to catch any more drop than I desire. (This pattern was consistent at 7, 14, and 30 days, although the average net insulin amount varied slightly.)

However, when I first started looping overnight in December, I had rises around 2am that the loop had to handle by providing higher temporary basal rates than my scheduled basals. I upped my midnight basal rate as a result, but it looks like I upped it too far since the closed loop often temps low now during that time frame. My next step is to probably change my midnight basal to be lower by 0.1u, and see if that reduces the amount of low temps needed from 12-2am, without causing spikes. My theory is that this alone may also reduce the number of higher temps from 2-4am, because those may be a result of the lower temps earlier on. Thus, I am starting overnight basal tweaking with this one change and seeing how much of a ripple effect it has for the rest of the night as well.

In pursuit of…what? Or: what are we optimizing for?

My BG averages overnight (and during the day) are excellent (well within the “normal” range <120) and time in range is continuing to grow (85% & counting) with using the closed loop #DIYPS. So, beyond minute basal tweaking, what’s next?

At this point, I think the next goal is encouraging other independent researchers to get up and running on their own closed loop overnight APS.  Do we really need to wait another 3+ years for APS technology to come to market?  What exactly would #WeAreNotWaiting look like if we applied it to closed loop Artificial Pancreas technology research? What do you think?